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(Alphabetical Order)
Adenine - A purine base, with a chemical formula of C5H5N5, and is essential to the structure of DNA and RNA
Amino Acids - The building blocks of protein; are used to make and code proteins
Anticodon - The sequence of three adjacent nitrogenous bases, or nucleotides, in tRNA and are complementary to a codon in mRNA during protein synthesis
Centromere - The most condense and constricted area of a chromosome
Chromosome - A threadlike linear strand of DNA
Chromatid - Either of the two daughter strands that were duplicated and are joined together by a centromere
Chromatin - A complex arrangement of nucleic acids, proteins, and histones and, when condensed during cell division, become a chromosome
Codon - The sequence of three adjacent nitrogenous bases, or nucleotides, which code the outlook of an amino acid
Complementary - A group of genes that have similar base sequences in order to produce the same phenotype
Covalent Bonds - A chemical reaction between two non - metallic elements
Cysteines - An amino acid, commonly present in proteins, with a chemical formula of C3H7O2NS
Cytoplasm - The semi-fluid substance that is enclosed by the cell membrane and is what gives a cell it’s shape
Cytosine - A pyrimidine base, with a chemical formula of C4H5N3O, and is essential to the structure of DNA and RNA
Deoxyribose - A compound of pentose sugar whose formula is C5H10O4
Deoxyribonucleic Acid - Nucleic acid composed of various nitrogenous bases and backbone components including deoxyribose sugar and phosphate groups, which make up the two strands coiling in a linear structure. DNA for short
Disulphide Bridge - Two cysteines present in a protein and they are usually covalently bonded together
Double Helix - The coiled structure of the two strands in DNA that are held together with hydrogen bonds
Eukaryotic - A cell that consists of a membrane-bound nucleus
Guanine - A purine base, with a chemical formula of C5H5ON5, and is essential to the structure of DNA and RNA
Helicase - A prokaryote enzyme designed that uses hydrolysis of ATP to unzip the DNA helix during replication
Heteroduplex - A DNA molecule with one new strand and one old strand, which occurs during recombination
Histone - Many, small proteins associated with DNA in chromatins
Homologous - Two DNA molecules consisting of the same linear base sequence
Hydrogen Bonds - A chemical bond between one hydrogen molecule being attracted towards one electronegative atom.
Hydrolysis - The process of adding water (H20) to specified compounds with a chemical reaction
Meiosis - The process of cell division in which the sexually reproducing organisms include only half the chromosomes from each parent
Mitosis - The process of cell division in which the cell’s duplicate from a parent cell and have four stages necessary to complete the process
Nucleosides - Backbones of DNA; made up of deoxyribose sugar and phosphate groups
Nucleotides - Nitrogenous bases of DNA: Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine, and Adenine
Nucleus - The magor organelle of a cell that stores the chromosomes within itself
Okzaki Fragments - Short segments of DNA
Peptide Bond - A chemical bond formed between carboxyl groups and amino acids
Polymerase - An enzyme that modifies the formation of DNA or RNA, or uses DNA or RNA strands as a beginning template
Polynucleotides - Repeated links of nucleotides in a DNA base sequence
Polypeptide - A chain of amino acids, usually with about 10-100 of them, making up a protein
Primase - An enzyme that is used during replication to form a new DNA strand that is then used to pair with an old DNA strand
Prokaryotic - A cell that is distinguished of its absence of a membrane-bound nucleus/organelles and DNA not organized into chromosomes
Purine - A double, 6 cornered, ring that has a crystalline organic case
Pyrimidine - A single, 5 or 6 cornered, ring that has a crystalline organic base
Reciprocal Exchange - A pair of DNA strands, as one that is complementary to the other strand and both have similar DNA base sequences, cross during recombination
Replication Fork - After the helicase, during replication, unzips the DNA molecule, the two strand veer into two directions. The split as the replication fork.
Ribonucleic Acid - Nucleic acid consisting of nitrogenous bases; Uracil, Adenine, Guanine, and Cytosine; and two strands making up the backbones of RNA, short for ribonucleic acid; ribose sugar and phosphate groups
Ribose - A pentose sugar, with a chemical formula of C5 H10 O5
Semi-Conservative - A DNA molecule with one new strand of DNA and an old strand of DNA, which occurs during replication
Synthesize - To combine or form product(s) that create a more complex result
Thymine - A pyrimidine base, with a chemical formula of C5H6N2O2, and is essential to the structure of DNA
Uracil - A pyrimidine bse, with a chemical formula of C4 H4 N2 O2, and is essential to the structure of RNA
Best viewed in a maximized window and with a monitor resolution of 1024 x 768. All written materials and information
were fully composed, as well as altered images and diagrams, by Josh Eisma (2002), unless otherwise specified.
